Supported Formats: FASTA FASTQ SAM/BAM CRAM VCF/BCF GFF3/GTF BED BigWig PLINK GenBank EMBL MAF PSL WIG HDF5 Zarr
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Genomic Data Science & Format Conversion Insights

Expert tutorials, workflow guides, and deep dives into genomic file formats, NGS pipelines, variant calling, and computational biology β€” from the GeneConvert engineering team.

50+

Genomic formats
supported

TB/hr

Genomic data
processed

99.9%

Conversion
fidelity

<1ms

API response
latency

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Genomic File Formats
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FASTA/FASTQ
FASTA vs. FASTQ Format: Quality Scores, Headers, and Multi-Record Parsing

Deep dive into quality encoding (Phred+33 vs Phred+64), interleaved FASTQ, and common parsing pitfalls with 10x paired-end data.

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GFF/GTF
GFF3 vs. GTF Format: Annotation Compatibility Guide for RNA-Seq Tools

STAR, HISAT2, StringTie, and Kallisto each have quirks about which annotation format they accept β€” and when differences break your pipeline.

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VCF/BCF
VCF v4.3 Specification: INFO Fields, FORMAT Tags, and Multi-Sample Genotyping

Everything you need to know about the VCF spec β€” including FILTER columns, symbolic alleles, breakend notation, and BCF binary encoding.

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BED/BigBed
BED Format Variants: BED3, BED6, BED12, and the BigBed Indexed Upgrade

BED3 for simple intervals, BED6 for stranded regions, BED12 for transcript models, and why BigBed/BigWig are essential for genome browsers.

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NGS Pipelines & Workflows
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WGS Analysis
BWA-MEM2 vs. Bowtie2 vs. HISAT2: Choosing the Right Aligner for Your Data

Alignment accuracy, RAM requirements, and speed benchmarks across WGS, WES, and RNA-seq data on short and long reads.

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Workflow Engines
Nextflow vs. Snakemake vs. WDL: Bioinformatics Workflow Manager Comparison

Portability, cloud integration (AWS/GCP/Azure), container support, and community ecosystem β€” which workflow manager fits your team's stack?

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Cloud Genomics
Running GATK Best Practices on Google Cloud Life Sciences vs. AWS Batch

Cost modeling, spot/preemptible instance strategies, and Terra vs. AWS HealthOmics for large-scale genomic analysis across cohorts.

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Python Tools
Pysam, PyVCF, and Biopython: The Python Bioinformatician's Parsing Toolkit

Practical code examples for reading, filtering, and writing SAM/BAM/VCF/FASTA files with Python β€” with performance comparisons and edge cases.

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Variant Calling & Annotation
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Somatic Variants
Mutect2 for Somatic SNV/Indel Calling: Panel of Normals, Orientation Bias, and Filtering

How to build a PON, interpret FilterMutectCalls output, and handle common artifacts β€” FFPE oxidative damage, strand bias, and TLOD thresholds.

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Structural Variants
SV Calling with Manta, LUMPY, and SVABA: Methods, Merging, and Genotyping

Deletions, duplications, inversions, translocations, and insertions from paired-end WGS β€” and why ensemble callers outperform any single tool.

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Clinical Genomics
ClinVar, gnomAD, and OMIM: Building a Clinical Variant Interpretation Workflow

ACMG/AMP classification criteria, pathogenicity scoring in VEP, and integrating population frequency databases for clinical reporting.

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Long Reads
Oxford Nanopore and PacBio HiFi: File Formats, Basecalling, and Variant Calling in 2025

POD5 vs. FAST5, Dorado vs. Guppy, CCS reads vs. CLR, and how Clair3/DeepVariant perform on long-read data vs. Illumina short reads.

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